| Pipeline construction,
both offshore and onshore, is a unique industry. In no other industry
does the construction environment change daily, often bringing drastic
changes to the working site each day or shift. Highly skilled craftsmen
often have to be transported hundreds if not thousands of miles from
home to the general location of the construction site. At work, many
will operate and / or maintain very expensive equipment. On completion
of the project, the men and equipment are sent home. In the case of
offshore construction, they are housed and fed on board a pipe-laying
vessel – commonly referred to as a lay barge. These barges can
cost well over a quarter of a million dollars a day to operate. All
of this adds up to very large costs. The net effect is that productivity,
and quality of that productivity, becomes of paramount importance.
It was this demand that lead to the development and introduction in
1969 of the CRC-Crose (now CRC-Evans) Automatic Welding System.
In the days gone by, the words offshore and mechanized
welding, or as some say – automatic, were synonymous as if
speaking about Brown & Root and the CRC-Evans Automatic GMAW
welding system. The basic system was designed and built specifically
for pipeline welding. In the late 1960’s, when the system
was first debuted on a 36” landline, the system was referred
to as the CRC-Crose system. It was shortly after this in the early
1970’s, the system found its way into the offshore market
place in the hands of the giant offshore contractor Brown &
Root. Then, as the system does today, the essential components of
the system consist of a Pipe Facing Machine, a Hydraulic Power Unit
to power the PFM, an Internal Welding Machine, and an External Welding
Machine mounted on a welding band, which circumnavigates the pipe
circumference. Figure 1 shows the originally designed workhorse
external “bug”; the P-100 used extensively in the North
Sea gas market development.
In the 35th anniversary of the CRC-Evans Automatic
Welding System, the basic system has been used in the welding construction
of over 65,000 kilometers of linepipe the world over, both onshore
and offshore, from low-grade CS pipe to high grade X-120, and to
other applications such as CRA materials. The technology has been
used in every extreme environment from the harshness of Alaska,
Canada and Russia, to the tropics of Malaysia and South America,
and the deserts of Africa and Saudi Arabia. With over 7000km of
offshore use, the system has been used both in the traditional shallow
S-lay configuration on relatively large diameter linepipe, and in
the more demanding and costly J-lay or reeled configuration for
steel cantonary riser (SCR) and deepwater flowline installation
of small diameter pipe.
To meet the demands of the ever changing construction
environment, although the basics of traditional appearance have
remained, CRC has evolved it’s equipment to provide quantum
leaps in production rate potential through improvements in welding
technology, design and various levels of system sophistication.
Fifteen years ago, the P-100 was replaced by the computer controlled
P-200 and again currently this model is being revised / upgraded
with through-the-arc tracking technology into the P-260 model. Today,
both of these simple and user friendly bugs are configured to weld
all passes and can be pre-programmed with individual welding parameters
which are pass specific. With through-the-arc tracking technology
of the P-260, the operator needs only to steer the bug as the contact-to-work
distance is continuously monitored by the computer control system
to maintain optimum welding conditions in all positions. The on-board
computer controls the machine and offers other significant benefits
in QA/QC monitoring and the ability to maximize welding speeds and
thus production rates.
Commonly used in offshore installation of reeled
piping, both of these machines can and are used to deposit the root
bead, as well as completing the remaining of the weld joint depositing
the hot, fills and cap passes. CRC-Evans external root bead technology
uses our copper back-up technology, a standard and common offshore
application for many pipe sizes. However, some authorities, working
specifications, and owning companies do not allow the use of copper
back-up due to the risk of copper contamination and associated potential
for cracking. Although our pulse-GMAW minimizes these risks, in
these instances, the traditional route of using the internal welder
on diameters of 24” and greater is utilized. On smaller diameters,
the bead can be is deposited using controlled short arc bead techniques,
such as STT.
During the last seven years, CRC developed a dual
headed torch bug, which has been used in several offshore projects
in the Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast at New York and Boston.
Debuted on land in 1998 for the installation of the high-pressure
Alliance bullet line from the remote areas of Alberta to Chicago,
the P-600 has seen several design alterations to make the system
more robust and reliable to push the capability of process utilization
efficiency to a maximum for offshore applications where productivity
and cost reduction are essential factors.
Using digital technology, the systems are programmed
to weld within qualified parameter ranges. Travel and wire feed
speeds, machine position, position based welding parameters –
all essential welding details, are controlled to close and exacting
tolerances with digital feedback. From then on, the system is fully
‘automatic’. This is achieved via our through-the-arc
tracking technology. With the need for increased productivity, the
human capability to successfully manually control torch positioning
is exceeded. This capability of tracking along with position based
parameter control, equates to higher production rates without the
risk of increased repair rates.
As the worlds demand for petroleum products continues
to increase, the need to bring the raw product to market economically
is essential. Many of the raw product locations are becoming more
remote and must come from long distances, both in water depth and
far from onshore processing plants. The CRC-Evans Automatic Welding
control systems are in-house engineered to be both sophisticated
and yet simple for pipeline contractors to get maximum control of
their welding operations. This directly contributes to high production
rates, lower operating costs and thus added ability to help bring
our globally needed energy source to market economically. |